As I should have done in the first place, I crunched some of the numbers myself and compared them to the displayed values in Aurora, and it seems like at least the Police Strength / Modifier equations are still right. Occupation Actual / Required seems right as well, but I won't know until I subjugate a colony.
I think I can dig the Occupation / Protection Political status modifiers out of the DB. Incidentally, "Slave Colony" is still in the DB.
Protection Modifiers (used to determine required PPV):
Vanquished: 1
Conquered: 0
Occupied: 0
Subjugated: 0.5
Client State (but it doesn't look like any Political Statuses update to this type): 2
Candiate Population: 1
Imperial Population: 1
Occupation Modifier (used to determine required occupation strength):
Vanquished: 0
Conquered: 1
Occupied: 0.75
Subjugated: 0.25
Client State (but it doesn't look like any Political Statuses update to this type): 0
Candiate Population: 0
Imperial Population: 0
I still would like to know the dirty details of how a pop goes from Conquered/Vanquished through subjugated and occupied up to Imperial population. I can suss out the progression lines, and there is a value called "SPRequired" (sovereignty points? (edit: looks like it's "status points")), but I don't know how it accrues.
Progression:
Vanquished -> Subjugated -> Candidate Population -> Imperial Population
Conquered -> Occupied -> Subjugated -> Candidate Population -> Imperial Population