This post may have some inaccuracies, but it consolidates all of the information I can find about installations here.
Ordnance Factory ? Creates munitions used by missile launchers (Ship, PDC, Fighter). Affected by Construction Rate tech.
Fighter Factory ? Creates fighters. Affected by Construction Rate tech.
Fuel Refinery ? Refines Sorium into fuel. Affected by Fuel Production tech.
Shipyard Complex ? Houses slipways for ship construction. New shipyards are 1000 ton capacity with 1 slip. Affected by Shipbuilding Rate tech.
Construction Factory ? Builds other installations. Affected by Construction Rate tech.
Terraforming Installation ? Converts the planetary atmosphere into something more palatable to your race. Affected by Terraforming Rate tech.
Mine ? Extracts trans-Newtonian elements from a planetary body. Affected by Mining Production Rate tech.
Research Lab ? Allows the research of new technology/tech items. Affected by Research Rate tech.
Infrastructure ? Allows colonization of greater than 0 cost planets. Amount needed is affected by Colonization Cost Reduction tech.
Deep Space Tracking Station ? Allows extended range tracking. Affected by Planetary Sensor Strength tech.
Automated Mine ? Unmanned mines. Otherwise identical to Mines.
Naval Academy ? Generates officers.
Jump Gate Component ? Used to create Jump Gates. Five components are needed per gate, with two gates needed for bidirectional travel.
Ground Force Training Facility ? Allows training of ground units.
Sector Command ? Allows an officer to be assigned as a Sector Commander. A percentage of his bonuses are applied to each colony within the sector.
Maintenance Facility ? Allows the maintenance of warships up to a certain size. Ships in orbit around a planet with a maintenance facility do not use engineering supplies.
Commercial Freight Facility ? Allows freighters to undergo routine maintenance.
Spaceport ? Generates civilian convoys between colonies for extra wealth.
Mass Driver ? Launches minerals from a remote site in the system to a central location. Any designated recipient of minerals must have enough mass drivers to ?catch? the incoming minerals or the planet will be bombarded, with usually dire results.
Financial Centre ? Acts as increased population for the purposes of wealth generation. Affected by Wealth Creation tech.
