A ship without any components has "Sensors 1/1/0/0". The numbers refer to Thermal/EM/Grav/Geo; for Thermal and EM the number is the sensor strength, for Grav and Geo it is survey points per hour.
With a thermal sensor strength of only 1, an enemy ship with a thermal signature of 100 would be detected at 100,000 km. With a sensor strength of 10 that same ship would be detected at 1,000,000 km.