Which goods are produced by a planet are random, except everything produces infrastructure and currently no colonies can produce ancient artifacts. In VB6, I believe colonies with what was turned into constructs could produce artifacts, but that doesn't seem to happen in C#.
Quantities clearly scale with planetary population, and I believe is affected by governor wealth modifier, but I do not know the mechanics.
Aside from infrastructure, the different goods have no actual gameplay effect. Like, trading pharma is the same as trading chemicals.