Success!
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Oasis Liberation RibbonPromotion value: 100
Awarded to officers who fought for the Terran Federation in the Battle of Oasis.
5th June 2044 -- 21st July 2044
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But fear not! This is, in fact, a bug report. My relations with the aliens (The Empire of Kaluga, in case I hadn't mentioned it before) haven't deteriorated at all despite the Battle of Oasis. They still have a neutral stance towards me, and the relations keep getting warmer. And the fact they still exist after such engagement suggests Oasis was merely one of their colonies (a theory that's further reinforced by the fact there were no civilians living on Oasis, and the contracts section had one demanding for deep space tracking stations).
As for the half-vanished teams, I managed to find their members fairly easily (they were among the best diplomats/spies) through the Officer Corps screen. I worked around the problem by simply unassigning them and recreating the teams.