Colonisation patterns are likely to be very similar to habitation in the American Midwest and in Siberia. Mostly due to a variety of factors, all of which are to do with food and water.
To put it quite simply, without food and water it doesn't matter how rich a place is in resources. This means that without a way to acquire enough food in an area that can be worked by 1 individual it doesn't matter what else is in the ground there's not going to be any colonisation or exploitation of that area. You'd simply starve to death. We've seen mining towns sidestep this issue by digging up resources and exchanging them for food.
However, this presumes that food keeps well enough to store long enough to transport it to where it needs to go. While generally speaking cereals and other staple foods can be moved in relative bulk without needing to worry much about freshness, meat and vegetables are more vulnerable to rot and decay. Without a way to store those for travel populations won't urbanise much. There's quite frankly no way to move a number of important sources of vitamins across more than 20 to 40 kilometers of distance (especially on bad roads) without causing issues in local diets, greatly increasing the spread of disease. Combine this with pre-modern poor hygiene in cities and you'll see why cities before the industrial revolution had a net negative growth and needed a constant supply of peasants moving in just to maintain their size.
This is the main factor why Europe, for example, has such a large number of relatively modest sized cities for its population, and why there's a town every 10 kilometer; that was effectively a day trip for the average farmer.
This changes in the modern era. Massively.
People go where there's food, money and people, in that order. With modern storage, refrigeration and mass transportation techniques vast quantities of food can be moved at speed across large distances. Rome in the glory days of the Roman Empire had roughly 1 million people, and that required a constant supply of grain and produce from the Empire (mostly the very fertile Nile flood plains), brought in by boat. These days we can supply vastly more food across larger distances, by truck, by plane, by ship, and most important for food, by train. Trains do two things; they move fast (about 60 to 80 kilometers per hour even for cargo), they move a lot (20 truck load equivalents is small for cargo trains), they move them efficiently, they move them across large distances and they move them refrigerated or frozen when needed.
I would anticipate that colonisation of planets in the modern space era would be based on the question of where are the money making resources (mostly metals and oil), which will be the focal points of the original colony. If there's a lot of such resources on planet a town will spring up, otherwise you will see something similar to a lot of long abandoned small towns that were originally founded to exploit local ore seams. This town will originally be supplied from space when it comes to food and everything else; if the planet is sufficiently earthlike or can otherwise be tamed local farms with expansive fields are likely to establish themselves. If not hydroponic farming is the most likely due to small footprint.
As the planet draws in more settlers to exploit local resources an infrastructure network will start to establish itself. It will start with limited air traffic, as air traffic doesn't need a lot of support beyond a way to determine where you are and where you are going, and with a space capable planet backing up the new colony there'll be a basic GPS satellite constellation in place very soon, or even just a single stationary orbit satellite acting as a beacon. Once populations grow large enough further infrastructure will start to establish itself; either with sea travel, because small ships and the harbours to service them are cheap, or by rail for more landlocked areas.
If large scale traditional farming is an option you are likely to see massive, mostly automated and extensively mechanized farms with their own dedicated storage and transfer hubs for the preferred method of transportation, be it by ship or by rail, to move food to the cities. Population of those working those farms is likely too small to finance a service and manufacturing industry to support the farm locally, and with modern transportation not needed. It likely has a dedicated airstrip to service most of its transportation needs except for bulk cargo transfer. Outside the first places people started to settle large concentrations of population are unlikely; all food and other resources are easily moved to the cities, and that's where the money is and where the people are.
All of which is a long winded manner of saying that while planetary population densities and counts are probably going to be quite low, most of that population would, in my estimation, likely to concentrated on a very small portion of the planet, and very vulnerable to orbital bombardment. Be it directly or as collateral damage.