Incase you didn't know (cause I had to be taught it by the forums) You can see what ships can be built from a shipyard tooled for a particular class in the design window, before spending the time retoolign the yard and possibly ending up with a bunch of designs that can't be used like you had hoped.
The DAC/Rank/Info tab has a box for other eligible classes, and is quite handy when planning designs for this.
On topic.
Last time I tried, using a colony ship as the "tooled" design, I was able to squeeze out a freighter, troop transport, luxury liner(lol) and the COL from the same yard. tankers can be problematic on that however as their cost is so "different" and it can be touchy, with you being able to do it with say, a standard Ion commercial engine setup. But next tech level, upgrading those engines, the designs stop being buildable.
I have managed to get all 4 major civvy ships out of the same yard before with the "tooled" ship being a ship with about 3/4ths the cryogenics as an actual colony ship would, and a bunch of fuel... and an extra engine. Haven't ever been able to do say a "engineering" MSP supply ship thats all civilian from the same yard though, simply too costly.
Meh, its always something to fight with. But personally I generally don't do my tankers the same size as freighters and colony ships anyways, as tankers might have to show up near battlefields, so they are usually much faster, smaller, and packing some CIWS.
PS
With a little work, if you settle on a 6-8kt "geosurvey" ship, you can easily manage the gravsurvey from the same yard, but did you also know you can often turn out dedicated thermal and EM scouts from the same yard? Another thread here I have a list of like 7 designs I managed to turn out from a single yard a little while ago, all of them small utility ships of various sorts.