I have spent a lot of time recently trying to concept this out recently myself and I have reached the conclusion that it isn't viable using a single monolithic ship or station. The real breaking point for me is just how big the orbital habitat modules are vs. how many colonists they support. The largest station you can really build I believe is 9,375,000 tons because that is the largest jump drive you can construct.
9. 3mil Commercial Jump Drive JC9375K Commercial Jump Drive
Max Ship Size 9,375,000 tons Jump Radius 25k km Squadron Size 2
Max Ship Size vs Drive Size Ratio 19
Cost 62797. 2 Size 500,000 tons Crew 2000 HTK 200
Base Change to hit 100%
Materials Required: Duranium 12,559. 44 Sorium 50,237. 76
If you build a station with nothing but jump drive and orbital habitats then you can squeeze in 17 habitats which only supports 3. 4mil orbital workers, not nearly enough to be viable.
If you go with the cryogenic berths the maximum population would be 35,080,000 colonists. Still not enough to really run a full colony.
I too hit upon the idea of using ground force based construction teams in place of construction factories to reduce population requirements, but I don't think this is financially viable. I am going to assume your current planet you are operating on will need 1000 construction factories. The most efficient space/cost for the ground based construction are medium construction vehicles. Moving them isn't too big a problem, looks like you can do that with 65 large troop transport berths, but financially this would require 127,200 wealth/annum which seems completely infeasible.
I do think a flotilla of hive stations (or ships maybe) could be viable, but would probably become pretty logistically overwhelming.
I haven't fiddled with it yet, but wondering if you can set up some sort of tractor beam daisy chain so once you get it all set up, you just have to tractor the first station in the chain with your tug and move the whole group of stations at once. Probably won't work, but it would be amusing if it did.