Talking about how research is linear and the balance of small versus large empires, I was thinking along
different lines. There is another way to slow the spread of research for larger empires.
In the (abandoned, never finished)
Xpace game researched technologies are
not automatically applied empire-wide - across entire star systems - instantly. Rather, it's only possible to transfer the ability to use them in the form of a physical "Technology Kit" that has to be built and transferred to certain facilities. Per the game's help file:
Technology Kits are the means by which the various technologies are built into new ships or facilities, and how technology is transferred throughout an empire. The following rules are all-important to understanding what technology kits do and what you should do with them:
1. In order for a design center to build a given technology into another ship, it must possess the appropriate technology kit. So, if a design center sets out to design a new warship configuration with level 5 lasers, it must possess a Level 5 Laser Tech-Kit.
2. The same rule applies to construction facilities and building other ships or facilities. They must possess the technology kits necessary to build a ship or design of a given configuration.
3. Every player starts the game with their key design centers and construction facility containing all the necessary technology kits. Through research, a player can add new technology kits or technology kits of increased tech-level.
The advancement and distribution of new technology throughout an empire could be a task in and of itself (fortunately the game provides ways of making this easy). Note that, if a given technology is lost altogether (the last kit of its kind is lost or destroyed), it can only be replaced through additional research.
It should be clear that the physical location of research facilities, design centers and construction facilities is one key strategic element of the game. Scattered too far apart, and transfer of technology can become difficult. Placed too close together, and you present your opponents with an opportunity to wipe out key, strategic parts of your empire.
For clarification, a technology kit is simply the abstract representation of knowledge, experience, equipment and anything else required to use a given technology. Thus, transferring technology kits is effectively the same as transferring personnel, equipment or related things required for that technology. Building technology kits is the same as training new personnel, manufacturing new equipment, etc.
Similarly, when you have a "design center" design a new ship or facility, you still need to copy and physically transfer the "
configuration" or blueprints for the design to shipyards or other locations to actually build them. You shouldn't be able to instantly build a newly designed engine or defense base - empire-wide - after the design is finished.
These requirements can slow down the spread of new technology and new designs, especially in large empires. I think it's much more believable than a system where one can instantly utilize and build such. Even in a universe where communication is faster-than-light, the transfer should
not be instant. Also, why broadcast such
highly sensitive information throughout your empire using FTL communication? It's too risky that aliens or enemies would be able to intercept and decode it! Transferring physical documents and materials is much safer. And Technology Kits are a lot more than just the abstract knowledge. It's vital personnel and materials, too. One would probably need special tools and materials and knowledgeable experts to utilize a brand new technology or design.
Also, by requiring all designs and most (if not all) technologies to be physically transferred via "Blueprints" and "Tech Kits", this allows such to be inadvertently captured. It should be a rare event, but players could capture alien designs and technologies this way - and your enemies could do, likewise.
Yes, it would require more micromanagement. But there should be a way to make this somewhat automated - or at least organized in a way to keep track of it. And it would require major code changes. But isn't it doable?