I love how varied the preferences are, with good reason for most.
Nevertheless, my own preference is quite clear:
Railguns can outperform Gauss weapons at all tech levels. Main question: "Do I have to make my ships unreasonably fast for railguns to be competitive?"
Initially, the answer is a definite "no, because early Gauss weapons are terrible".
Later, I can't quite justify the research investment into Gauss to gain a legitimate but not compelling option (more efficient if speed isn't valued much in itself)
When the effort to make Gauss weaponry competitive starts to look reasonable, I find I often have reasons other than PD efficiency to go for fast ships.
Lasers and Mesons seem quite weak in comparison, but I've employed them as multipurpose weapon to the near-exclusion of dedicated PD.
Turreted 15cm lasers do something against everything in beam range, and many things extremely well.
Mesons... have specific advantages which I found too specific on ships for the most part. However, they're a welcome option for PDCs.