The evolution of the terms starts with
Ship of the Line of Battle (1st-4th rate) often known as Liners or Battleships these were wooden sailing ships
The first Iron and Steam ships (Warrior and Gloire) were single deck ships so were listed as frigates inititally until this became obviously silly as they could beat any battleship, they were then imaginitavly known as ironclads, as turrets started to be fitted they were Barbette or Turret ships . (Sometimes with the qualifier Coastal defense, bbigger and more seaworthy than the american monitors)
The term battleship is first used for the 1889 Royal sovereign battleships, which were also the first ships to settle on the predreadnought armamant scheme of 2 heavy turrets and a bunch of 6 inch guns . America calls some smaller ships battleships in 1889 and the first french battleship is also 1889.
Dreadnought comes along in 1905 and the larger faster battleships which follow it are called Dreadnoughts, incidentally Battlecruisers come along with dreadnough and like the earlier armoured cruisers are comparable in size or larger than Battlships but faster and longer ranged at the expense of armour and weapons
The first ship to be considered a Super Dreadnought was the Queen Elizebeth faster and more heavily armed than any earlier dreadnought and with better protection launched in 1913 and nearly double the displacement of dreadnought, the end of this line of development is the Battlecruiser/Fast battleship hood a third again larger than Queen Elizebeth, After this treaty limits mean new battleships are rarely built for 20 years and are the size of Queen Elizebeth , Hood being an exception to the treaties.
These treaties also finally limited the size of cruisers keeping them smaller than dreadnoughts .
Finally the last surge of battleships are the WW1 Style Bismarck and the more modern Iowa's, Vittorio Venito's and Yamato's all of which except the Iowa;s were built in violation of treaty limits making them larger than the British and Early WW2 American battleships which were laid down as treaty ships. Without the treaty limits you would probably have had continued ship growth in size and armament and those ships like the American and Japanese Giants would probably have earned another naming convention,
Then of course carriers, modern subs and Nuclear weapons made battleships obsolete